Word Formation

WORD FORMATION IN MARING

                Maringayei yunkril tlou aya koutoubi simrou tou kani wai arou kartāmase. Lamkrini tlou aya kmu maninanung dākrei pi aya thiyase:

Root:

                Tlou khatdei rilra namyerouwei lilkhoi artha ur heiya root toubi ung. Root heirou doplhāk (maryomlhāk) tlou nimanung tlou-tum heiya affix toubi ung. Maringa tloura “Marnomak” toubi yunyeinung “marno” ani root hoilei, ngamri ani lilkhoi artha urbi leilei. Heitoubi “mak” ani affix hoilei, ngamri ani root “marno” arou maryomlhāklei.

                Rootri aitamtomkhi tlou hoini mayung mani heiya affixri root nimanung basera maryomlhākbi leimak yamak. Tlou khatrou affixrap doplhāk kya root nimanung root+affix heiya base toubi ung.

Hutlha: Duiyeimantrangchi tou tlou aya thiyase:-

                                      

Root aya kani khnitam thukni khaithut yalei. Heirap heiri:

1).           Free Root

2).           Bound Root

Free Root: Free rootrapri pure noun, pronoun, time adverbial, numeralrap arime.

                Pure nouns                            -Thimi, Ya, Mli, Khwa, Par.

                Pronouns                                -Kei, Nang, A

                Time adverbials                     -Angtu, Angi, Ninga, Tuinung, Tiya

                Numerals                               -Khyum, Phli, Phanga, Thruk.

Bound Root: Bound rootrapri Particle prefix nimanung suffix yaomakni aitam mayung manimak.

                -Pa          : Apa, Patul, Patang, Pamo, Pater.

                -Nu         : Nuwi, Nucha, Nutang, Nuto, Nuter, Minu.

                -Ma        : Marao (Mrao), Malungshi, Masu, Mayung.

                -Ka         : Kalah (Klah), Kamu (Kmu), Kameh (Kmeh).

Maringa tloura bound rootrapbei form-class (parts of speech) muchangmak. Dourei pi “pa, nu, ma, ka” arou kani form-class muchangmaklei. Heiya bound rootrap heirou doplhāk affixrap heiyei hilthungni form-class muyer manilei. Dourei pi tloulhāngrap arou kani noun, verb, adverb anakshi muphalei.

Maringa tlou ari lhoulam khyumtamni lilkhoini simlei. Heirap heiri: 1. Affixation, 2. Derivation le 3. Compounding.

AFFIXATION: Maringa tlou ari tloulhāng maryombi sim (agglutinative) tlou hoina ngamrou affixrapni lilkhoini rui urbi klei. Maringa tloura prefixes, infixes kalhonni suffixes arapni maryombi Maringa tlou simlei. Root nimanung base nimanung stem arou suffixrap khatrouwei duini doplhākbi Maringa tlou sim kya.Affixrap lim khyumtam thukni leilei. Heirap heiri Prefixes, Infixes le Suffixes.

Prefixes: Root nimanung baserapbei maibangra doplhāk affixrap heiya prefix toubi ung. Hutlha hoini Maringa tloura heitāng, heichur, heirui, wachang, hungchang anakshira hei, wa, hung aya prefix toubi ung.

                Prefix aya lim khni thukni khaithutlei:

1.                   Pronominal prefixes: Arou tloulhāng khatdei rootra personal pronominalrap doplhākbi simrou. Hutlha: Keicheem, Neicheem, Acheem.

2.                   Non-pronominal prefixes: Maringa tloura “heitāng, heichur, heirui, lourui, wachang, hungchang, yuktou, yukshu, yuksin, yuksim, yukchām, yuklouthut, yukphuithut” anakshira “hei, lou, wa, hung, yuk” aya non-pronominal prefix toubi ung.

                Maringa tloura hou thukmak prefix tha leilei. Minlhang hoini hnu, tlaini, tlou, tlaipang, tlaitam, tlak, tloubam, hlung, nunghang-hlai, yrathi, yrengcha arou kyao h, t, y, prefixrap ayei hou myekphamak. Aya voiceless prefix toubi ungrou.

Infixes: Root khatdei rilra nimanung tlakra doplhāk affix heiya infix toubi ung. Hutlha hoini Maringa tloura mui´knam (muinam), mu´kna (muna), nung´kngai (nungngai), chat´kna (chatna), mu′kyer (muyer) arou “k” aya infix toubi ungrou.

                Tloulhāng khat aitam leiyeirou kani sentence hoini yunthutdeise toulanung heiyei infixes louthutbi simrou.

Hutlha: Múkyer   - Na namyernung keini muyerchalei.

             Māĺkna - Nangle kei mālnamak.

Suffixes: Root nimanung baserapbei hilra doplhāk affixes heiya suffixes toubi ung. Hutlha hoini thimiyei, moshilnung, kothilni, anakshi tloura “yei”, “nung”, “ni” aya suffix toubi ung. Maringa tlouwei grammar arou suffix ani lilkhoini rui urlei. Suffixrap ani verb heiyei lhou klui, luimak, tlou kngai, imperative tlou kounakya muyerlei.

               

Suffixes aya kani hannui khnitam thukni khaithutlei.

(a) Inflectional suffixes, heitoubi

(b) Derivational suffixes.

Inflectional Suffixes: Affixrapni root nimanung baseyei hilra doplhākyeirou parts of speech mallengmanung heiya kani inflectional suffix toubi ungrou. Douwarap, marnothral, lailikrap, sipairap anak tloura “rap”, “thral” aya kani inflectional suffix toubi ungrou.

Maringa tloura inflectional suffixrap asitoubi khaithutlei.

(1) Noun Plural:                   - rap, thral:                          Douwarap, Upathral.

(2) Noun Possessive*          - yei, rapbei, nei, lei:            Modunnei, Kothillei.

(3) Present third person        - aiyei, heiwayei, heiwiyei.

(4) Comparative                   - dui:                                  Choudui, tangdui, wardui.

* Maringa tloura Consonant, Vowel (pure le dipthongs) hilthungni noun possessiveyei suffix ākhi atoubi yrengcharillei:

Pure Vowel:

a = yei:   Pawayei, namyerwayei, halpayei.

e = yei:   Nuteyei, pateyei, pameyei

i = yei:    Neiyei, thleiyei, tlainiyei, lhawaiyei.

o= wei:   Momowei, pamowei.

u= wei:   Yakhuwei, angtuwei.

Dipthongs:

ai= yei:   Aiyei, kaiyei

ao=wei:  Khaowei, kaowei, khangkraowei.

ei=yei:    Neiyei, keiyei

eo=wei:  Mitdeowei

ou=wei:  Todouwei, Angdouwei

oi=yei:    Thyoiyei, Amoiyei

ui=yei:     Uiyei, Temuiyei.

Consonants:

p=bei:                    Thimirapbei, limrapbei.

t= dei:                    Khatdei.

k= kei:                   Ahakkei.

m=mei:                   Cheemmei.

n=nei:                     Modunnei, rungchannei.

ng=ei:                     Neinungei, khyingei, kanungei.

l=lei:                       Tlaipangpallei.

r=rei:                      Thirrei.

h=yei:                     Churchyei, borhyei.                                                                              

Dourei pi arou yaomak dei dei tloulhangrou ei/yei lhākbi yrengcharou:

Hutlha: Matthewei, Yuyei, Tuyei, Amosyei, Manojyei, Jacobei.

Derivational Suffixes: Affixrapni root nimanung baseyei hilra doplhākyeinung parts of speech mallenganung heiya kani derivational suffix toubi ung.

Adjective                               Verb                                       Adverb

Khrang                                   Khranglhāk                           Khrangni

Lhangai                                   Lhangailhāk                          Lhangaini

Chou                                      Choulhāk                              Chouni

Derivational suffix ayei hilra hannuikhi inflectional nimanung derivational suffixrap doplhāk kya.

Hutlha hoini:

Root/base             → Suffixrap

Chan→ Chancha → Chanchalei → Chanchaleihui

                                                            →Chanchaleihuime.

“chan” tou root arou doplhāk suffixrap aya modality múkyer suffixrap toubi ungrou.

Dong      → Dongurna → Dongurnanung → Dongurnanungei →

                                Dongurnanungeisa → Dongurnanungeisalei.

Root/base             → Prefixrap

Dong                     → Toudong → Hungtoudong/Watoudong.

Maringa tloura tloulhang khatrou “b” yei klui suffix khourilmak. Plural form heiroukhi “rap” lhākyeinung suffix hei “p” ni luirou. Anakshini Maringa tloura hungdongna b/p hourou “p” ni luirou, d/t hourou “t” ni luirou. Phonetics thiphanarou ‘p’ le ‘b’ arou beimak mālkna leiyanungkhi (p le b ari khnitamrek bilabial kalhonni plosives) [p] ari voiceless heitoubi [b] ari voiced hoilei. Heiniri tloulhang hungdongna suffix hei ‘b’ nimakni ‘p’ ni hungdongrou. Anakshini d/t arou suffix hei ‘d’ nimakni ‘t’ ni hungdongrou.

Hutlha:  Marnorap (marnorab toubi myemakrou), chutmakni (chudmakni toubi myemakrou), chorit (chorid toubi myemakrou), khat (khad toubi myemakrou).

Suffixrap aya hannuikhi ai-aiyei maryom tlourap heiyei kya-yamak hilthungni Nominal suffix heitoubi Verbal suffix toubi khaithuttholei.

1. Nominal Suffix: Nounra doplhāk suffix heiya kani Nominal suffix toubi ung. Nominal suffix aya kani atoubi khaithutlei:

                a). Case Suffix.

                b). Number

                c). Gender.

a). Case Suffix:  Maringa tloura case suffixrapri ‘yei, le, rou, rouwei, ni, ya, ra” anakshini chungni luirou.

b). Number: Maringa tloura khatrouwei dui plural suffixrap hei “rap, rul, yao, thral” anakshini doplhāklei. Chutmak putrapbei hilra “yao” lhākrou, thimi chungni leinara “rap, thral” lhākrou, ui-warapbei hilra “rul” lhākrou.

c). Gender: Maringa tloura wa, ba, pa ani napawa/pa múkna heitoubi wi, bi, pui ani napuiya/pui múkna.

2. Verbal Suffix: Verbra doplhāk suffix heiya kani verbal suffix toubi ung. Verbal suffix aya kani atoubi khaithutlei:

a). Aspect marker: Verbrou “lei” ni doplhāklanung heiya progressive aspect marker ungrou, “la” ni doplhāklanung heiya perfect aspect marker ungrou, “rou” ni doplhāklanung heiya unrealized aspect marker toubi ungrou.

Hutlha: Chalei, Chala, Charou anakshi.

b). Mood: Kneeng nimanung ḱpām phungthut tloura “kni/ni, nilei” doplhākrou.

Hutlha: Nuy thíkni/ thinilei.

c). Negative suffixes: Negative suffixrapri “mak, makrou, makse, nimak” anakshini doplhākrou.

Hutlha: Chamak, chamakrou, chamakse, chanimak anakshi.

d). Imperative suffixes: Imperative suffixrapri “lo, lak, nga, wa, lourilo, rilo” anakshini doplhākrou.

Hutlha: Chalo, chalak, wachawa, wamonga, chalourilo, charilo anakshi.

e). Adverbial suffixes: Adverbial suffix arou “ni” ani verb kounakrou doplhāklei.

Hutlha: Khrangni, Lhangaini, Chouni, Mantrangni anakshi.

DERIVATION: Tloulhāngrapbei root/base heirou affix doplhākyeirou dei tlou lhaikhat hungyerkya tlou heitoubi yai tlakrei klei mri heingamrou kartām heiya Derivation toubi ungrou. Hunghoi tlou heiyei parts of speech chutkur dawanung heiya kani class changing derivation toubi ungrou. Kounak hunghoi tlou heiyei parts of speech chutmakanung heiya class maintaining derivation toubi ungrou.

Maringa tloura class changing derivation bei dākra myethutlei.

                Noun (rouwei)                      Verb (hunghoi)

                Chan                                     Chanlei

                Pi                                          Pilei

                Mlān                                     Mlānlei

                Kmu                                     Mulei

                Beimak chap                        Beimak chaplei

                Kalni chuk                            Kalni chuklei

                Kalni chan                            Kalni chanlei.

Maringa tloura class maintaining derivation bei dākra myethutlei.

                Lahnang                                  Klah-knang

                Lāl                                          Kalāl

                Lungshi                                   Malungshi

                Māng                                      Kamāng

                Ngai                                        Lhangai

                Meh                                        Kameh

                Mu                                          Kamu

Dourei myethut arou kani mula touri tloulhāng khatrou affix khat nimanung khatrouwei duini doplhākyeirou aiyei class-form (touri parts of speech) mallengmanung aya kani class maintaining derivation toubi ungrou.

COMPOUNDING:

Compounding akhi Maringa tlou simnara rui urbi klei. Arou tloulhāng le tloulhāng maryombi nimanung root le root maryombi simkhi yalei. Compounding aya kanre kandangni munanung lamkrini simple le complex tlou kouwo tou hei thiyase.

Simple words: Simple words ari root nimanung root + inflectional suffixyei sim.

                Napawa                 - Napawarap

                Mantrang                - Mantrangdui

                Kringpi                   - Kringpikhei.

Complex words: Complex words ari root le (khat nimanung khatrouwei dui) prefixrap kalhonni / nimanung (khat nimanung khatrouwei dui) derivational suffixrapni simlei.

    Negative suffixrap: Maringa tloura “mak” ni klui tloulhang heiya negative suffix toubi mu´kna.

                Yamak, hoimak, lhangaimak, karsukmak, manimak, kallomak, chimmak, nimak anakshi.

    Bi mukyer suffixrap: Maringa tloura “ra” ni klui tloulhang heiya bi muk′yer suffix toubi mu´kna. Hutlha:

                Tlakra, doura, tlaitamra, dākra, maibangra, pangra.

Compounding ani Maringa tlou koutoubi simrouwo tou kani dākra thiyase:

                Rālshon                  - (Rāl + shon)

                Rālpal                    - (Rāl + pal)

                Thlungshim             - (Thlung + shim)

                Tarheep                 - (Tar + heep)

                Khukarthil              - (Kho + karthil)

                Trankhal                 - Thangtrān + khalna

                Wayui                    - Wa + yui

                Shontang                - Shon + tang

                Heengyao               - Heeng + yao

                Heengbur               - Heeng + bur

                Heengtum               - Heeng + tum

                Wapui                    - Wa + pui

                Warai                     - Wa + rai

                Warik                     - Wa + rik

                Wadee                   - Wa + dee

                Uiwa                       - Ui + wa

                Airān                       - Ai + rān

               

Dourei pikur aya kani atoubi hannui myethutbi thiyase:

            Thlungshim            - thlungei shim

Khukarthil             - khowei karthil

Trānkhal               - Trānnei khal

Shontang              - Shonnei tang

Heengyao             - Heengei yao

Uiwa                    - Uiyei wa

Airān                    - Aiyei rān

Maringa tloura dourei myethut anakshiri grammatical hoini myethutri yamaklei. Heitoubi Rālshon, rālpal, wayui, heengbur, heengtum, wapui, warai, warik, wadee anakshi tlourapra thyoi nimanung thya khnirek lilkhoini klou yalei. Anakshi compoundrap aya kani co-ordinating compound toubi ungrou.

Clipping: Clipping tou ari tloulhang khatya maibangra, tlakra nimanung hilra dantúmbi sim tlouya ung.

                Nungkangai          → Nung´kngai

                Chatkana              → Chat´kna

                Mukana                → Mu´kna

                Mukayer               → Mu´kyer

                Muikanam            → Mui´knam

                Kalah                    → Klah

                Marao                   → Mrao

                Yikana                  → Yi´kna

                Mayung                 → M´yung

                Tloulhang khat aitam lhailong klei heini negative nimanung affirmative sentencerou lhāklanung aiyei lhang hei simchutbi lhāklei.

Hutlha:

K´chim                                  → Chimmak        (arou “k” louthutdurlei)

K´māng                                 → Māngura         (               “”                           )

K´lah                                     → Lahleiko?       (               “”                           )

Mālkna                                  → Mālnamak      (               “”                           )

K´lāl                                      → Lālmak           (arou “k” louthutdurlei)

K´nam                                   → Nammak        (               “”                           )

K´man                                   → Manphamak   (              “”                            )

Nungk´ngai                            → Nungaileime    ( “”                                        )

Mu´kyer                                → Muyermak      (               “”                           )

Kh´ngou                                → Ngoubeng       (arou “kh” louthutdurlei           )

Kh´mong                               → Mongchim       (               “”                          )

Blending: Tlou khnitam maryombi simchut / simthut tloulhang heiya blended word toubi ung.

                Ramtrüng             → Ramhang + heengtrüng

                Ngaksilpi             → Ngakpi + silpi

                Tlaipangpal          → Tlaipang + kapal

                Darkhayam          → Darkhatrüng + heengyam

                Trānkhal              → Thangtrān + khalna

                Chanao                → Chawa + naowa

                Yertom                → Namyer =/+ namtom

Reduplication: Reduplication ayakhi kani compound wordsme toubi ungkhi kya.

            Manam-manam;                 Thikthui-dānthui

            Himak-namak;                   Tera-tertrüi

            Umdeek-wandik;               Mucha-mumai

            Sorsi-sorsa;                        Pangsa-leisa

            Pongping-pongpang;           Beso-bebal

            Leso-lelat;                          Chanok-chanāk.

Churnung lhou:

Q1.          Root kouya ungo? Hutlha myebi pilak.

Q2.          Maringa tlou simnanung lim kounak phaleiyo? Minlhangbi myelak.

Q3.          Suffixes ayei lim kounak phaleiyo? Minlhangbi myelak.

Q4.          Inflectional Suffixes yei lim myebi pilak.

Q5.          Derivational Suffixes yei lim myebi pilak.

Q6.          Simple le Complex  words kouya ungo? Hutlha pilak.

Q7.          Clipping, Blending le Reduplication kouwo? Hutlha khatsol pilak.

Q8.          Dākrei pi tloulhangrap arou suffix lhākbi myethutlak:

                a) Kúngku,            b) Khamput,         c) Ruikuk,             d) Tulkhang,

                e) Tungka,             f) Pinglam,            g) Mungna,            h) Tāntee,

                i) Chui,                  j) Lokthong,          k) Yuyso,              l) Hilhaksu,

                m) Bethao,            n) Bebung,            o) Waitul,              p) Langa thik.