Wai 1.5: TONE

Wai 1.5: TONE

                South-east Asia rei klei limrapbei tlounakshini Maringa tlou akhi tone language tloume toubi lourou. Touri tlou chap mālkna heiya yunthutyei kheenrou chou-khnim hilthungni ayei arthari khitnalei. Lim khatdei tlou chou-khnim humphābi (mallobi, markumphabi) phalphei knaini marno heiya tlou heiyei phonology toubi ungrou.

Lim khatdei tlou kantang vowel le consonantyei hourap heini tlou heiyei phonemes me toubi lourou. Kani Maringa tloura “Sim” le “Shim” ayei khitkna kartāmnarou tloulhangrapbei youna hou [s] le [∫] ani khitkna mutyerlei. Aya kani phonemes lhai-lhairei klei toubi lourou. Hutlha hoini tloulhang bi le lu arou phonemes khni rapha mulei. Khatni /b/ le /i:/ heitoubi khatni /l/ le /u:/ .

Thimi khatdei tlouyun-tlouyai khnim-chou hilthungni “pitch” akhi khit´kna. Ngam heiniri chap mal´kna hourapni karbungbi sim tlourap tlakroukhi artha khitnalei. Heiya kani tone toubi ung.

Maringa tloura:

                I:              Rui          = Thimiya ruipi

                                Rui          = Phi (punshel) khatdei rui (chirui)

                                Rui          = Ruiphretnakshi rui.

                                Ruy        = Khi ruy

               

     II:           Cha        = Yukpuk cha

                                Cha        = Kanwai cha

                                Cha        = Phailourei kling cha

                                Cha        = Mongnungei cha

                                Cha        = Phi-punshel (acid solutionei) chatat.

                III:          Chan      = Chan singkna

                               Chan      = Maninanung chan (hul), kpām lungnanung chan

                Dourei pibi klei hutlharap arou kyao hourap ari chap mal´kna. Heiya pitch yei khit´knari leilei. Hutlha I rou thimiya ruipi arou kyao ‘rui’ ayei pitch ari chouni kālei. Aya kani rising tone toubi ungrou. Thangei phi (punshel) khatdei rui arou kyao ‘rui’ ayei pitch ari yennimshundalei. Aya kani falling tone toubi ungrou. Thangei ruiphretnakshi rui arou kyao ‘rui’ ari chouni kākhoubi yennimshundalei. Aya kani rising-falling tone toubi ungrou. Thangei khi ruy arou kyao ruy (rui hou) ayei pitch ari chou-khnim tek makni leilei. Heiya kani level tone toubi ungrou.

Hutlha III rei kyao chan singkna tou arou kyao ‘chan’ ayei pitch ari chou-khnim tek makni chāng khatrou heisi leilei. Thangei Maninanung chan tou arou kyao ‘chan’ ayei pitch ari yennimshundalei. Heiniri lamkriyei pitch heiya kani level tone heitoubi thangei pitch heini falling tone toubi ungrou.

               

                Level tone (chou nimanung khnim) touri chāng khatrou klei syllable heiya static tone rou klei toubikhi ungrou. Kounak pitch heini hungchabi leiyanung heiya kani kinetic tone rou klei toubi ungrou.

Tone Group: Kani tlou khat khyāngni yunthutyeinung tlak-tlakrou lipkhaikhoulei (karnganakshi leikhoulei). Lipkhaikhou bam khni heiyei tlakrei klei tlourap heiya kani group hoini simthutlei. Heinak ruprap heiya kani tone group toubi ung.

Hutlha:                    (1) Kei chak chalei

                                (2) Kei wachang yarouko?

                                (3) Nang Impāl karouko?

                                (4) Kei thrö dobi, lìng khingbi  thinga manlei.

Dourei pi sentencerap ari kani tek lipkhaimakni touri karngakhaimakni yunthut yalei.

                (5) Nangni dāngra wathukyeinung trükhār beicha thungkarchipkhoulo.

                            (6) Nungni kalni rowanung, thrö dobi thinga mannase.

Dourei pi sentencerap ari kani karngakhaibi yunthutlei, touri group khnitam thukme tou muphalei. Aya tone group toubi ungrou. Sentencerap ā kani nilshokhaikhoubi yunthut hoibiniri hannuikhi aya breathgroup toubi mu´kril.

International Phonetical Alphabets (IPA) hilthungni thimirapbei tlou kanyerkril hilthungei tone ayakhi lim chungni khaithutlei. Lilkhoini:

           (1)     Falling Tone                                (2) Rising Tone

a). Low Fall [ ֻ ]                               a). Low Rise [ ِ  ]

b). High Fall [ ` ]                                b). High Rise [ ′ ]

(3)  Falling-Rising [ ˇ ]                       (4) Rising-Falling [ ˆ ].

(5). Level Tone.

-Maringa tlouya kanyerkril hilthnungniri dākrei tonerap ayatom yrengcharillei. Heiri:

Dākrei pitch diagramle kalhonni myethut aya thiyase:

á / é / í / ó / ú = High Rise / letter combining acute accent -  ́

                Rúi (ruiching), Chá (kanwaicha), Mán (thimi kman).

à / è / ì / ò / ù = High Fall / letter combining grave accent -  ̀

                Rùi (chi-rui/rim), Chà (phailou cha), Màn (ningka man).

â / ê / î / ô / û = Risingfalling/modifier letter circumflex accent - ˆ

                Rûi (ruiphret), Châ (cha napawa), Mân (ningka khman).

ä / ë / ï / ö / ü = Centralised nimanung diaeresis - ¨                    

                Antrüitrik, Thrö (thinga manna bungka), khuntrïk.

tº / hº / yº       = Voiceless nimanung ring above - ˚                     

                t˚lou, t˚laitam,t˚laipang,t˚laini,H˚nu,y˚rengcha,y˚rathi.

´ / .                 = Syllable Break nimanung Greek tonos - ΄         

                Mu´kyer, You´kna, Mui´knam, Nung´kngai, Khit´kna.

Dourei pi hutlharap ayei tloulhangrap ā aitamtam leiyeinung tone lhai, dei tloule bungni yunphaplanung tone lhaini hungchater. Anakshiya kani kinetic tone toubikhi mu´kna.

Churnung lhou:

Q1.          Tone kouya ungo?

Q2.          Level tone kouya ungo? Static le Kinetic toneyei khit´kna mutlak.

Q3.          Tone group kouya ungo? Breathgroup le kou khit´knawo?

Q4.          Maringa tloura kounakshi toneya yrengcharilleiyo? Minlhangbi hutlha pilak.

Q5.          Dākrei pi tloulhangrap ayei pitch diagram hilthungni ayei artha

mallengthutlak:

                Chúng;                                                   Chûng;

                Phúng;                                                   Phûng;

                Chá;                                                       Chà;

                Khúng;                                                   Khung;

                Hoú;                                                       Hoù;

                Dún;                                                       Dùn;

                Doú;                                                       Dou;

                Muí;                                                       Muî.